1. The ISU streams all JGP competitions free on its YouTube channel.
2. Some Federations stream their Challenger Series events, but not all do. Some of them are free, some are not.
3. GP competitions are most easily available by paid stream or broadcast.
4. Most of the time people also find and share links free live streams (often from Russia, China etc) for Challenger and GP events. Two ways to find out about them are :
A. This website has information on competitions including info on free streams, where available:
http://soyouwanttowatchfs.tumblr.com/tagged/how-to-watch
B. The competition forums here on FSU and on Golden Skate. Both require a paid subscription. Not sure what FSU costs. Golden Skate just started charging this year and the cost is pretty low. Each forum has threads for each comp where people trade links for live streams and the Admins usually provide links to the live scoring data.
With all live streams, you need to be careful of malware.
You should also be able to access live scoring results on the ISU and federation websites in pretty much real time, but links to the event pages aren’t usually available until near the time the competitions start.
Hope that helps.