I think the best thing for you to do is to first read many interviews and books from figure skaters themselves to get a sense of how they individually prepare for an event, what a competition schedule is like, what competing is like...before and during and after a performance, what the ins-and-outs of training daily is like, what their conditioning is like, what their diet consists of, how they stay motivated, etc.
If books and interviews aren't your thing, some skaters have vlogs you can watch and see how they prepare for competition and such.
You should also watch a bunch of competitions on YouTube to get a sense of it yourself and just to see how skaters look, act, etc. while they are competing. Absorb the environment, the nerves, the highs, the lows, the in-between. Also, keep in mind how long a competition is and the order of events. And then see how the Olympics differs from the more typical Worlds scheduling and then how that differs from other competitions, etc.
Then when you're ready to delve into terminology and understanding what the moves are, there are a wealth of resources for you to look into. One is ice dance specific but it has so much information regarding footwork and dance patterns, and holds and past rhythm requirements, etc. that it'll give you an idea of how exact this sport can be:
www.ice-dance.com
There are tons of youtube videos showing off the different steps, moves-in-field, and elements.
As for the judging system itself, this
Vox article has a good explanation of how it works, though it's out-dated since the judging system has been revamped since 2018 but the way they explain how Rippon lost to Kolyada gives you a good idea:
Or, why Adam Rippon lost to Russian Elvis.
www.vox.com
Also, old trusty Wikipedia has a summary, brief explanations, and links to the actual scale of values and handbooks explaining the rules:
en.wikipedia.org