Sometimes logic doesn't pan out in research. Rhythmic gymnasts also have lower bone density and they are not known to smoke. The mechanism is attributed to a host of factors including leptin levels, late onset of puberty and food intake below the recommended for the age group. So yes, BB you are correct.
Yes, open reduction means surgery, closed means no surgery but rather manipulation.



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Poor Alissa! She had worked so hard to come back, and now this. Best wishes to her for a speedy and thorough recovery!
